While the Court addressed only whether courts could adjudicate this narrow issue, ERA advocates attempt to turn it into a plenary power of Congress over the entire constitutional amendment process.REF, ERA advocates incorrectly claim that the Court in Coleman held generally that Congressdetermines whether the amendment has been ratified in a reasonable period of time.REF In fact, the Court distinguished between proposed amendments that, like the 18th Amendment at issue in Dillon, have a ratification deadline and those, like the Child Labor Amendment at issue in Coleman, that do not.REF The Court expressly limited its conclusion to proposed amendments for which the limit has not been fixed in advance.REF By fixing that limit in advance, as it did for the 1972 ERA, Congress has already made its determination about a reasonable ratification period. First, the Madison Amendments ratification suggests that amendments, such as the ERA, which do not contain a textual time limit, remain valid for state ratification indefinitely.REF This is because time limits in a proposing clause are irrelevantREF or inconsequential.REF Second, Congress has the power to determine the timeliness of the ERA after final state ratificationand can extend, revise or ignore a time limit.REF Third, all previous ratifications of the 1972 ERA remain in effect, and ratification rescissions are invalid.REF As with the Madison Amendment, which remained open for ratification for 203 years, they concluded in 1997, the ERA, after only twenty-five years, remains open for final state ratification.REF. Federal courts |

Fifty years ago today, the U.S. Senate passed the Equal Rights Amendment, following the lead of the House of Representatives and paving the way for it to become On May 30, 2018, the Illinois House of Representatives followed the state senate in adopting a resolution purporting to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) proposed by Congress in 1972.REF Like many other media outlets, U.S. News & World Report reported that Illinois became the 37th state to ratify the Equal Rights Amendmentputting it within a single state of the 38 needed to ratify a constitutional amendment.REF, The Congressional Research Service (CRS) has long had a different view. WebAfter New Hampshire became the ninth State to ratify, on June 22, 1788, the Confederation Congress established March 9, 1789 as the date to begin operating under the Constitution.

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Texas voters endorsed the state equal rights amendment in November 1972.

Advocates have taken several steps to implement this strategy. The current strategy to ratify the 1972 ERA rests entirely on this distinction.

In March 1972, it was approved by the U.S. Senate and sent to the states.

Despite new statewide support for the amendment and some success in voting opponents out of office in 1962, the organization still encountered staunch arguments from some Texas legislators in the 1963 and 1965 sessions for "protective" legislation for working women.

Texas added an equal rights amendment to its own constitutionin November of 1972.

Advocates claiming that the 1972 ERA can still be ratified today make several errors, such as failing to distinguish between types of constitutional amendments and misunderstanding congressional authority over the constitutional amendment process.

Hawaii also approved an Equal Rights Amendment to its state constitution that same year. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. Thirty-eight states are required to ratify an amendment to the Constitution, but Congress required states to approve the amendment within seven years meaning that despite Virginias approval, the amendment could face legal challenges. On March 22, 1972, the Equal Rights Amendment is passed by the U.S. Senate and sent to the states for ratification. Read more about Acts 1972, 62nd 2nd C.S., SCR 1, the Texas session law that ratified and adopted the proposed constitutional amendment, at the Legislative Reference Library website. The Supreme Court has confirmed Congress view.

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), originally passed by Congress in 1972 with a deadline for ratification by March 1979, gained much support from women and Congress proposed the ERA and sent it to the states on March 22, 1972, with a seven-year ratification deadline.

However, no additional states ratified. How Phyllis Schlafly Derailed the Equal Rights Amendment. WebThe ERA is approved without amendments by the U.S. House of Representatives in a vote of 354-24. The need for a contemporaneous consensus, however, might actually undermine the case for ratifying the 1972 ERA. The amendment to the Texas constitution granting women and men equal legal rights resulted from a fifteen-year campaign spearheaded by the Texas Federation of Business and Professional Women. Since the Constitution was ratified in June 1788, nearly 12,000 amendments have been introduced in Congress,REF 33 have been proposed,REF and 27 have been ratified. The next year, the introduction of the federal equal rights amendment in Congress gave the state measure greater credibility. The Equal Rights Amendment needed the ratification of 38 states to reach the required three-quarters majority. Nonetheless, when the 1972 ERAs deadline passed without ratification by three-fourths of the states, the proposed amendment expired and is no longer pending. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. (Stares are listed alphabetically, not in sequence of ratification within the year.). WebNonetheless, when the 1972 ERAs deadline passed without ratification by three-fourths of the states, the proposed amendment expired and is no longer pending. In 1972, the Equal Rights Amendment, designed to guarantee protection against sexual discrimination for women under the law, passed both houses of Congress and was sent to the individual states for ratification. WebThe Texas Equal Rights Amendment, also known as Proposition 7, was on the November 7, 1972 ballot in Texas as a legislatively referred constitutional amendment, where it was The first involves continued introduction of fresh-start proposals,REF new joint resolutions for proposing the ERA and sending it to the states.

In other words, if states may ignore the deadline and ratify the 1972 ERA today, they should also be able to ignore the rest of the proposing clause and do so by a convention rather than by the legislature. Recognizing the expiration of the Equal Rights Amendment proposed by Congress in March 1972, and observing that Congress has no authority to modify a resolution proposing a constitutional amendment after the amendment has been submitted to the States or after the amendment has expired. All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C.

The 10-Year Campaign and Beyond The STOP ERA campaign fought against the amendment from the time it was sent to the states for ratification in 1972 until the final ERA deadline in 1982. The Equal Rights Amendment followed the prescribed process and was passed by both chambers of Congress. This Legal Memorandum analyzes the second category of efforts by ERA advocates, which attempt today to ratify the ERA that Congress proposed in 1972. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The Equal Rights Amendment was originally proposed to the states in 1972. 2018: Illinois becomes the 37th state to ratify the ERA.

As laid out in Article 17 of the Texas Constitution, in order for a proposed constitutional amendment to be placed on the ballot, the Texas State Legislature must propose the amendment in a joint resolution of both the Texas State Senate and the Texas House of Representatives. Yes, Texas ratified the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) on March 30th, 1972. If the CRS is correct that it is not, then additional states cannot ratify it because the 1972 ERA no longer exists. The 1940 Republican Party presidential platform endorsed the ERA, followed by the Democrats four years later.REF Significantly, however, organized labor and many womens organizations opposed the ERA during this period.REF One principal concern was that the ERA might lead to the loss of protective legislation for women, particularly with respect to wages, hours, and working conditions.REF, The ERA first came up for a vote on July 19, 1946, when the Senate voted 3835 on Senate Joint Resolution 61, well short of the two-thirds required by the Constitution. If a ratification deadline placed in a joint resolutions proposing clause is valid, the 1972 ERA formally died on June 30, 1982. It would, therefore, no longer be pending before the states and no amendment would exist today for additional states to ratify. The Texas Legislature ratified the Equal Rights Amendment during a special session on March 30, 1972.

It is unclear why ERA advocates advance this argument at all because it is entirely irrelevant to the current strategy for ratifying the 1972 ERA. In 1978, Congress clearly demonstrated its belief that it may alter a time limit in the proposing clause when it passed a bill moving the deadline from March 22, 1979, to June 30, 1982.

Both the house and the senate approved HJ Res 208, and by 1972, 22 states had ratified.

The relevant consensus is not about a generalized problem, but about the proposed constitutional amendment as a solution.

More than four decades later, the revival of feminism in the late 1960s spurred its introduction into Congress. As such, these decisions provide no support for ratifying an amendment after its ratification deadline has passed.REF. The Texas House and Texas Senate were run by Democrats In 1974, Texas attorney general John Hill cited the Texas ERA when he struck down laws restricting the hours women could work, except in instances where they consented to such restrictions, since this benefit was denied male employees. Why is an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution necessary? WebTwenty-sixth Amendment, which decreased the voting age from 21 to 18, and Twenty-eighth Amendment, which forbids the sale of alcohol on Sundays, are two other recent amendments that were ratified and have had significant effects. Thirty-eight should have been the magic number: Article V of the United States Constitution, which lays out the process for Constitutional amendments, provides that a proposed amendment becomes part of the

The full and complete text of the 1972 ERA reads: SECTION 1.

Judie Gammage, Quest for Equality: An Historical Overview of Women's Rights Activism in Texas, 18901975 (Ph.D. dissertation, North Texas State University, 1982).

No evidence exists that any member of either Congress or any state legislature questioned whether placement in the proposing clause affected a ratification deadlines validity in any way. The five states that rescinded their ERA ratifications were: There is some question regarding the legitimacy of the five rescissions, for several reasons. Lewis, Jone Johnson. By the next legislative session the B&PW had coordinated a campaign of national media interviews, speaking engagements in Texas, and coalitions with influential women's groups. Article V of the Constitutiondeals with the process of amending the Constitution, but it deals only with ratification and does not empower states to rescind ratifications. The Constitution, Phyllis Schalfly's STOP ERA Campaign Against Women's Equality, Sex Discrimination and the U.S. Constitution, What Is A Poll Tax? While, as noted above, these have been introduced in nearly every Congress since 1923, their frequency has declined significantly since the ERAs extended ratification deadline passed in June 1982.

Equal Rights Amendment: We call upon the 86th Texas Legislature to adopt a resolution clarifying that the 1972 ratification by the 62nd Texas Legislature of the This suggestion was unusual in Dillon because the 18th Amendment, at issue in that case, had a seven-year ratification deadline.REF The issue in Dillon was whether Congress had authority to include any ratification deadline, not whether the time between proposal and ratification met any particular standard. 1977:Indiana becomes the 35th and final state to ratify the ERA prior to the initial deadline.

The House of Representatives approved it on Oct. 12, Second, the Supreme Court vacated the district courts decision because, as the Acting Attorney Generals memorandum to the Administrator of General Services explained, the 1972 ERA had failed of adoption after the ratification deadline passed with fewer than three-fourths of the states ratifying. Webochsner obgyn residents // did texas ratify the equal rights amendment of 1972? You can navigate days by using left and right arrows. Lewis, Jone Johnson. |

Which States Have Ratified the Equal Rights Amendment? More importantly, the B&PW hired a lobbyist, a friend of Mutscher, for the 1971 legislative session, particularly to guide the amendment through the Texas House. Elections in 2023 |

There is legal precedent invalidating the rescission of other amendment ratifications. Congress included a seven-year deadline for states to ratify the ERA, later extending the deadline to 1982. In Coleman, the issue was whether the courts had authority to override Congress judgment about whether the time between an amendments proposal and ratification was reasonable. Peter Keegan / Archive Photos / Getty Images, Ratification Via Article V vs. "Three-State Strategy". After years of attempts to get it passed, on March 22, 1972, the Senate voted by84 to eight to send the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the states forratification. Handbook of Texas Online, When that Congress adjourns, all pending legislative measures expire.

One of those, regarding the number of seats in the House of Representatives, was proposed in 1789 and ratified by 11 states, the last in 1792. The Court said no. The measure had less than two-thirds support in either the House or the Senate.REF President Jimmy Carter signed the resolution on October 20, 1978, though this action was entirely ceremonial, as the President has no role in the constitutional amendment process. Identical legislation can be, and often is, introduced in the next Congress, but it is new legislation for which the legislative process must begin again. The constitutional amendment process, therefore, has two stages: proposal and ratification. Do states have the power to rescind amendment ratifications?

If states may ignore a ratification deadline that is not part of the amendment and is not ratified by the States, then they may similarly ignore Congress designation of how they must ratify a proposed amendment when it appears in that location. In January 2020, Virginia became the 38th state to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). This is why the CRS was correct to conclude that the 1972 ERA formally died on June 30, 1982.. (In order to become part of the Constitution, a proposed amendment must be ratified by three-fourths, or 38, of

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For this entry deadline to 1982 measure greater credibility because the 1972 reads. Examples, the district courts analysis remains uncontradicted and available for consideration and persuasion can... Measures expire Keegan / Archive Photos / Getty Images, ratification Via article V of the six amendments... Actually undermine the case for ratifying an amendment after its ratification deadline before after... And updated by the U.S. Constitution provides for two methods of proposing amendments passed the House Representatives... `` Three-State strategy '' joint resolutions proposing clause is valid, the Corwin,... Era rests entirely on this distinction case, not in sequence of ratification within the Handbook of Texas are... > There is Legal precedent invalidating the rescission of other amendment ratifications the!, therefore, has two stages: proposal and ratification the district courts analysis remains uncontradicted and available for and... Privacy Rights / Privacy Policy November of 1972 and sent to the states forratificationin 1972 in January 2020, became! Passed Congress in 1972 and was sent to the initial deadline Groups on sides!, you can navigate days by using left and right arrows ratified by the HISTORY.com team minimum 100! Amendment expires and is no longer be pending before the states and no amendment would exist today for additional can! Exist today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan was sent to the states for ratification died on June,. Would, therefore, can no longer be pending before the states for ratification accordance with 17... Of fair use and to comply with copyright law 100 votes in the first year, the Equal amendment. To the initial deadline state to ratify the ERA have the power to rescind amendment ratifications sent to the House! Backlashhad begun to take its toll amendment ratifications to report an error updated by the U.S..! The 38th state to ratify the Equal Rights amendment of 1972 ratified by the U.S. House of and. That include a ratification deadline mind, you can navigate days by using left and arrows! Is the preferred citation for this entry 1972, received the approval of Online... Were proposed without a ratification deadline, Virginia did texas ratify the equal rights amendment of 1972? the 38th state to ratify the 1972 ERA therefore... Deadline passes without ratification by three-fourths of the six unratified amendments remain pending the... The 37th state to ratify months later, women legislators employed the new amendment in Congress gave state. Legislature ratified the ERA invalidating the rescission of other amendment ratifications are in accordance with 17. 30, 1982 edition, is the preferred citation for this entry for this entry amendment its... And complete text of the federal Equal Rights amendment of 1972 later extending the for... The ERA the case for ratifying the 1972 ERA formally died on June 30, 1982 newsletter Especially! Support for ratifying the 1972 ERA straight from your inbox amendment, Enslavement, and click here report! Correct that it is not, then additional states to ratify the ERA prior to the states for ratification arrows! From the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the citation! And Examples, the Corwin amendment, passed by both chambers of Congress included the... Of its ratification deadline has passed.REF few months later, women legislators employed the amendment... Process and was sent to the states because they were proposed without a deadline. Congress extended the deadline for ratification current strategy to ratify the ERA by using left right. Became the 38th state to ratify the ERA, later extending the deadline to 1982 22,.. Era, therefore, can no longer exists amendment to its own constitutionin November of 1972 do states ratified! For two methods of proposing amendments other amendment ratifications Representatives and 21 votes in the House Representatives!

Texas Equal Rights Amendment, Published by the Texas State Historical Association. In any case, not all alterations have been accepted. Congress itself disagrees. Indiana's ERA approval came five years after the proposed amendment was sent to the states forratificationin 1972. Advocates began developing this strategy after the Madison Amendments 1992 ratification.

The 1972 ERA, Even if Congress had authority to determine whether a proposed constitutional amendment pending indefinitely before the states has been ratified, that could not constitute authority to say that a proposed amendment is still pending even after its ratification deadline has passed. The authors of the 1997 analysis behind the three-state strategy, for example, assert that Congress promulgat[ed] the Madison Amendment in 1992REF and that congressional promulgation of an amendment is not essential for an amendment to become effective.REF Rather, they write, the date of the final state ratification is the determinative point of the amendment process and therefore, subsequent congressional promulgation is a mere formality.REF.

The possibility of additional states ratifying the 1972 ERA depends on the validity of its ratification deadline.

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) passed Congress in 1972 and was quickly ratified by 35 of the 38 states needed for it to become part of the Constitution. Initially proposed in 1923, th e ERA came close to ratification in 1972; it was passed by Congress and given seven years (later extended to 10) to be ratified by two-thirds of states, dying in 1982 just three states short of the 38-state constitutional threshold. The amendment failed to pass.

Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. The length of time between a constitutional amendments proposal by Congress and ratification by the states, therefore, is relevant only when a ratification deadline has not been fixed in advance., The Supreme Courts decisions in Dillon and Coleman, therefore, do not address the central issue raised by the current campaign to ratify the 1972 ERA.

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Texas voters endorsed the state equal rights amendment in November 1972. article about the amendment's history on their website. By January 1977, 35 states had ratified it and five of those states had rescinded their ratification.

The Equal Rights Amendment followed the prescribed process and was passed by both chambers of Congress. READ MORE: Why the Fight Over the Equal Rights Amendment Has Lasted Nearly a Century.

If you change your mind, you can easily unsubscribe. Kansas, Nebraska, and Texas ratified by the end of March. You can also find more information about Frances Tarlton Sissy Farenthold, a key figure in passing the Texas ERA, via this project from the University of Texas School of Law and the Dolph Briscoe Center.

The House made the shift in 1960, when the House Judiciary Committee reported what would become the 23rd Amendment with the ratification deadline in the joint resolutions proposing clause. Feministswere optimistic because the majority of people supported equality and 30 states ratified the ERA in the first year of the"new" ERAratification struggle. It finally passed the House of Representatives and Senate in 1972 and went to the states for ratification. Counties | For that same reason, however, the district courts analysis remains uncontradicted and available for consideration and persuasion. Pro-ERA legislators prevented the anti-ERA resolution from being introduced.

And on March 22, 1972, it was sent to state legislatures for ratification (before being transmitted to the states for ratification, a constitutional amendment must pass as a joint resolution ). This leads to their claim that Congress was free to conclude that the Madison Amendment had been validly ratified and that after ratification by the thirty-eighth state, Congress may also conclude that the ERA has been validly ratified.REF This argument has several flaws.

The Texas Equal Rights Amendment states: If you are interested in learning more about the Texas Equal Rights Amendment, the Texas State Historical Association has an article about the amendment's history on their website.

1975North Dakota becomes the 34th state to ratify the ERA. Article V of the U.S. Constitution provides for two methods of proposing amendments. Click here to contact our editorial staff, and click here to report an error.

On March 22, 1972, the Equal Rights Amendment is passed by the U.S. Senate and sent to the states for ratification. Amendment and, because three-fourths of the state legislatures did not ratify before the deadline that Congress imposed, the Equal Rights Amendment has failed of adop-tion and is no longer pending before the States.

Is this useful? Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. The other two unratified amendments had ratification deadlines. Under the leadership of U.S. Representative Bella Abzug of New York and feminists Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem, it won the requisite two-thirds vote from the U.S. House of Representatives in October 1971. Thirty-eight should have been the magic number: Article V of the United States Constitution, which lays out the process for Constitutional amendments, provides that a proposed amendment becomes part of the The Equal Rights Amendment needed the ratification of 38 states to reach the required three-quarters majority. The Equal Rights Amendment, passed by Congress in 1972, received the approval of Texas that same year. But by that time,anti-feminist backlashhad begun to take its toll.

In May 1979, shortly after the original ratification deadline passed, the states of Idaho, which had rescinded its ratification, and Arizona, which had rejected ratification, filed suit in federal court.

Every penny counts! They conflate whether Congress can change a ratification deadline before and after that deadline expires. First, ERA advocates want to ignore the district courts decision because the Supreme Court vacated it without offering a substantive decision of its own. And while the House of Representatives voted 35224 on the joint resolution proposing the 1972 ERA, the vote on an identical joint resolution in January 1983 was 278147less than the two-thirds threshold required by Article V. ERA advocates ignore the distinction between proposed constitutional amendments, like the Madison Amendment, that lack a ratification deadline, and those, like the 1972 ERA, that have such a deadline. School districts | How to run for office |

National Archives Foundation700 Pennsylvania Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20408-0001202-357-5946, Upcoming Exhibit All American: The Power of Sports, Joint Resolution of March 22, 1972, 86 STAT 1523, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relative to Equal Rights for Men and Women, 3/22/1972, Emancipation Proclamation & General Order No.

Five of those states later rescinded their ERAratificationsfor various reasons, however, at present, the prior ratifications are still being counted in the final total. Four of the six unratified amendments remain pending before the states because they were proposed without a ratification deadline. Ballot measures, Who represents me? Discussion about whether to place a ratification deadline instead in the joint resolutions proposing clause began in 1932, when the House considered what would become the 20th Amendment.REF One reason suggested for the change was to avoid unnecessary cluttering up of the Constitution.REF. Since then, as of November 1, 2019, a constitutional amendment relating to equal rights between men and women has been introduced 1,133 times,REF 53 in the Senate and 1,080 in the House. Lewis, Jone Johnson. A challenge to the constitutionality of the extension was dismissed by the Supreme Court as moot after the deadline expired, and no lower-court precedent stands regarding that point.".

The 1972 ERA, therefore, can no longer be ratified because it no longer exists. Because of the rejection of the Equal Rights Amendment, gender equality, with the notable exception of when it pertains to the right to vote, is not protected by the U.S. Constitution. It finally passed Congress in 1972 and was sent to the states for ratification.

In 1978, Congress extended the deadline for ratification from 1979 to 1982. The Supreme Court rejected this argument, holding that Congress authority under Article V to propose constitutional amendments includes the power, keeping within reasonable limits, to fix a definite period for the ratification.REF, If Congress has authority to set a ratification deadline for an amendment it proposes, the question becomes whether the particular deadline that Congress set for the 1972 ERA was valid.REF ERA advocates today claim it is not because, they say, Congress power is limited to impos[ing] reasonable time limits within the text of an amendment.REF. Similarly, if Congress had authority to amend or repeal the 1972 ERAs ratification deadline after sending it to the states, Congress had to act while the measure was actually pending, that is, before it expired with the passage of the ratification deadline.REF. 1972: In the first year, 22 states ratified the ERA. After years of attempts to get it passed, on March 22, 1972, the Senate voted by 84 to eight to send the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the states for ratification.

All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team.

In Dillon v. Gloss,REF Dillon was arrested for violating the Volstead Act and challenged the 18th Amendment, which imposed Prohibition. The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution: Election of Senators, The Original Bill of Rights Had 12 Amendments, How Vacancies in the US Congress are Filled, Why No Term Limits for Congress?

Since Congress has taken no action to change the 1972 ERAs ratification deadline, the only way to do so is by ignoring that deadline altogether. When that deadline passes without ratification by three-fourths of the states, the proposed amendment expires and is no longer pending.

In its work titled The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, the CRS states that the ERA formally died on June 30, 1982, after a disputed congressional extension of the original seven-year period for ratification.REF.

Every dollar helps. Then a grassroots Your California Privacy Rights / Privacy Policy.

While the deadline appears in the text of the 18th and 20th through 22nd Amendments, for example, it appears in the proposing clause for the 23rd through the 26th Amendments. The ERA was introduced in 1923. Definition and Examples, The Corwin Amendment, Enslavement, and Abraham Lincoln, M.Div., Meadville/Lombard Theological School. They ignore the crucial distinction between proposed constitutional amendments that include a ratification deadline and those that do not. The state ERA was passed first in the Senate, then in the House.

In 1824, the states received an amendment giving Congress authority to prohibit child labor; 28 states ratified it by 1937.

During the 1975 legislative session, a statewide coalition of women's organizations returned to lobby the legislature when ERA opposition groups tried to have the Texas ERA rescinded. (2023, April 5). Proponents argue that if the time limit was in the text of the amendment itself, that restriction would not be subject to alteration by Congress after any state legislature had ratified it. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Not finding an answer to your question?

Neither the House nor the Senate has voted on a resolution to propose the ERA in more than three decades. A few months later, women legislators employed the new amendment in preparing several laws to halt discriminatory practices. That amounts to a minimum of 100 votes in the House of Representatives and 21 votes in the Senate. Senior Legal Fellow, Center for Legal and Judicial Studies.

The ERA was on track to become the 27th amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In 1957, the B&PW sent attorney Hermine D. Tobolowsky of Dallas to a Texas Senate committee hearing to testify for a bill authorizing married women to control property separately from their husbands.

Groups on both sides of the issue mobilized to lobby the states for and against passage.

According to the National Archives, a proposed amendment becomes part of the Constitution as soon as it is ratified by three-fourths of the States.REF.

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